vocational education

Around 8.7 crore Indians aged between 15 and 29 were not engaged in education, employment or training in 2021, according to NITI Aayog’s report, Reimagining Skilling for Viksit Bharat@2047. The findings highlight a significant gap in India’s transition from education to employment and skill development. Based on data from the 78th round of the National Sample Survey, the report categorises these young people as NEET — those who are not in education, employment or training, including those who are unemployed. NITI Aayog has called for affordable and subsidised training, financial assistance and stronger links between skilling programmes, local employment opportunities, self-employment and emerging industries. The report also flagged a weak connection between formal education and the job market. It found that only 8.25 per cent of graduates are employed in positions that match their qualifications. According to the think tank, insufficient practical exposure and limited industry-oriented training are major factors affecting employability. Young people from economically weaker families face additional barriers, as many cannot afford private tuition or paid skill courses alongside college expenses. After graduation, some accept low-paying jobs simply for income stability, while others remain outside the workforce and education system. To address this gap, NITI Aayog has recommended bringing skilling deeper into mainstream school education. It proposed introducing General Employability and Entrepreneurship Skills for students from Classes 6 to 12, while introducing specialised vocational pathways, called Kaushal Tracks, from Class 9. These tracks would allow students to acquire skills aligned with local and national employment demand. However, the report noted that vocational education remains limited across schools. Fewer than one in 12 secondary schools currently offer vocational subjects, despite provisions under the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and the National Curriculum Framework to integrate vocational education and employability skills from Class 6 onwards. For Classes 10 and 12, the think tank has recommended incorporating vocational subjects into the board examination subject structure with equal weightage. It also proposed allowing state boards to adopt the revised framework for certification and retaining General Employability and Entrepreneurship Skills as a separate subject for Classes 11 and 12. NITI Aayog has also called for changes in higher education, recommending a move away from generic degrees towards applied and industry-relevant specialisations. Greater integration of apprenticeships, work-based learning and earn-while-you-learn programmes has also been suggested to help students gain practical experience. The report identified apprenticeships as a crucial but underdeveloped bridge between education and employment. Although government initiatives such as the National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme and National Apprenticeship Training Scheme have expanded opportunities, participation remains uneven. NITI Aayog has proposed incentives for MSMEs to create more apprenticeship positions and a unified platform where young people can access credible opportunities. The skilling strategy should also focus on sectors expected to generate future employment, including green industries and electric vehicles. At the same time, workers in declining sectors would need opportunities for reskilling and transition into new occupations. NITI Aayog said more than 7.67 crore people have received training since 2014-15, while the Union Budget 2025-26 allocated around Rs 34,000 crore for skilling-related expenditure across various Central ministries. However, the report stressed that higher training numbers and spending alone may not resolve the problem unless skilling is tied more closely to measurable employment outcomes. Source: Indian Express